Crystal Structure of Hydrogen
The solid state structure of Hydrogen is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 470 pm | 470 pm | 340 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | 2 π/3 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc |
| Space Group Number | 194 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
| Number of atoms per unit cell |
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.
Hydrogen Atomic and Orbital Properties
Hydrogen atoms have 1 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [1] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2S1/2.
| Atomic Number | 1 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 1 |
| Number of Protons | 1 |
| Mass Number | 1 |
| Number of Neutrons | 0 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 1 |
| Electron Configuration | 1s1 |
| Valence Electrons | 1s1 |
| Valence (Valency) | 1 |
| Main Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
| Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 2S1/2 |
Bohr Atomic Model of Hydrogen - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f |
|---|
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Hydrogen - neutral Hydrogen atom
Abbreviated electronic configuration of Hydrogen
The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Hydrogen atom is 1s1. The portion of Hydrogen configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as . For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 1s1, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Hydrogen
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Hydrogen atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s1
Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
Atomic Structure of Hydrogen
Hydrogen atomic radius is 53 pm, while it's covalent radius is 37 pm.
| Atomic Radius Calculated | 53 pm(0.53 Å) |
| Atomic Radius Empirical | 25 pm (0.25 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 22.4135 cm3/mol |
| Covalent Radius | 37 pm (0.37 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | 120 pm |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.332 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.011 |
Spectral Lines of Hydrogen - Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
Emission spectrum of Hydrogen
Absorption spectrum of Hydrogen
Hydrogen Chemical Properties: Hydrogen Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Hydrogen is 72.8 kJ/mol.
| Valence | 1 |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| ElectronAffinity | 72.8 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy of Hydrogen
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Hydrogen
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1st | 1312 |
Hydrogen Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Hydrogen Physical Properties
| Density | 0.0000899 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 22.4135 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties
| Young Modulus | - |
| Shear Modulus | - |
| Bulk Modulus | - |
| Poisson Ratio | - |
Hardness of Hydrogen - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
| Mohs Hardness | - |
| Vickers Hardness | - |
| Brinell Hardness | - |
Hydrogen Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).
Hydrogen is a -. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Hydrogen
| Electrical conductors | - |
| Electrical Conductivity | - |
| Resistivity | - |
| Superconducting Point | - |
Hydrogen Heat and Conduction Properties
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.1805 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | - |
Hydrogen Magnetic Properties
| Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -2.48e-8 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -4.999e-11 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -2.23e-9 |
Optical Properties of Hydrogen
| Refractive Index | 1.000132 |
Acoustic Properties of Hydrogen
| Speed of Sound | 1270 m/s |
Hydrogen Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Hydrogen
| Melting Point | 14.01 K(-259.14 °C, -434.452 °F) |
| Boiling Point | 20.28 K(-252.87 °C, -423.166 °F) |
| Critical Temperature | 32.97 K |
| Superconducting Point | - |
Enthalpies of Hydrogen
| Heat of Fusion | 0.558 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 0.452 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - |
Hydrogen Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Hydrogen
Hydrogen has 7 isotopes, with between 1 and 7 nucleons. Hydrogen has 2 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Isotopes of Hydrogen - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 1H, 2H.
| Isotope | Z | N | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1H | 1 | 0 | 1 | 99.9885% | Stable | |
| 2H | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.0115% | Stable | N/A |
| 3H | 1 | 2 | 3 | Synthetic | ||
| 4H | 1 | 3 | 4 | Synthetic | ||
| 5H | 1 | 4 | 5 | Synthetic | ||
| 6H | 1 | 5 | 6 | Synthetic | ||
| 7H | 1 | 6 | 7 | Synthetic |
